Early web messaging relied on protocols such as HTTP and SMTP, which were designed for speed, not secrecy. By the mid‑1995, the rise of e‑commerce revealed the dangers of transmitting credentials and personal data without protection, prompting the first experimental use of SSL to wrap messages in encryption. These early encryptions were limited to point‑to‑point connections and required both client and server support, laying the groundwork for later standards.
With the advent of AJAX and real‑time web apps in the early 2000s, messaging moved from email to in‑browser chat, instant messaging, and social feeds. The industry responded by adopting TLS as the default transport, integrating OAuth for identity verification, and introducing end‑to‑end encryption models such as OMEMO and Signal Protocol for browser‑based chats. These mechanisms reduced the risk of man‑in‑the‑middle attacks and set expectations that any web‑delivered message should be confidential by design.